A Transforming Insurance Company and the 4 Types of Health Data Challenges that Arise: A Finnish Case Study

Abstract This paper aims to identify the challenges of health data in the context of an insurance company that is transforming from a reactive company into a proactive one. Using 23 interviews from a case study of an insurance company in Finland, we revealed 4 key areas of challenges that arise during this transition. The identified areas were found to be the following: Access, Ownership, Sharing, and Use. These findings are then discussed in context of the shift towards a proactive paradigm for organizations. The customer experience is suggested to be pivotal for organizations to create value and for managing the 4 identified health data challenges

Personal Health Data: Accessibility and Value in a Danish Context

The rapidly-evolving digital life of individuals has led to an increasing amount of personal health data (PHD) that are stored across various databases. This study aims to examine challenges encountered by healthy participants while accessing their PHD and to discuss how this knowledge can be used for the creation of future healthcare services. The participants were tasked to find and access their PHD. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and journaling were the methodologies to examine participants’ experience of accessing their PHD, and the perceived value of data. Our findings point out that the participants felt that PHD are accessible through services, nevertheless accessing of PHD were found to be a laborious task. Participants were disappointed by the experience of using various interfaces of the services. The perceived value of PHD was found to be dependent on the usability and personalisation features of the services, rather than on the data itself

Addressing Uncertainty in AI Tool Development in Healthcare Through End-User Involvement

Artificial Intelligence (AI) development is an increasingly significant area of interest for Information Systems (IS) scholars, aiming to explore the socio-technical aspects of human-AI collaboration. This paper reports on a qualitative case study focused on a dementia-predicting AI tool currently under development. Through in-depth interviews with AI developers, we aim to gain insights into their expert practices and the uncertainties they encounter during the development process. Using a framework to outline the stages of AI tool development, we uncover four key uncertainties: feasibility, data, decision-making, and adoption. We examine how AI developers cope with these uncertainties through varying methods and present strategies for end-user involvement to reduce uncertainty when possible

AI UNCERTAINTY IN EXPERT DECISION-MAKING: A QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming more prevalent in everyday work settings, the Information Systems (IS) discipline is perfectly poised to study the sociotechnical repercussions of algorithmic decision-making part of expert’s knowledge work. As expert know-how is tacit and socially situated, there are difficulties in capturing the nuances of the emerging human-machine collaborations. In this article, we review how epistemic uncertainty is evident in experts’ decision-making practices when using AI tools. Building on rich primary studies, a qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) approach was used to bring together and analyze relevant literature on this topic. Our findings unravel sources of expert uncertainty, point to strategies experts use to cope with uncertainty, and what attitudes experts have towards uncertainty when making complex decisions with AI

Personal Health Data: Access and Perceived Value in Denmark

Abstract This study explores how accessible and valuable Personal Health Data are in Denmark. This paper uses a qualitative inquiry which was adopted to provide information about (1) the accessibility of data available, (2) and the perceived value of data by recruiting 8 healthy Danish individuals who were instructed to access their personal health data, and were then prompted to discuss how accessible and valuable they perceived their personal health data to be. In total, participants accessed 31 datasets and wearable sensor data through 23 web applications and 8 mobile applications. They reported on search and access challenges in interviews and through journaling. Our results suggest that participants were satisfied with the access they had to their personal health data, however the participants expressed disappointment in ways the data was presented for them by the services and platforms. Thus, we concluded that the perceived value of personal data were found to be dependent on the usability and personalization features of the services, rather than on the data itself

Health data as an enabler of digital transformation:a single holistic case study of connected insurance

Abstract The use of digital technologies is driving the mass creation and collection of health data, fuelling disruptions in the healthcare ecosystem, and shifting the competitive landscape of health service provision. In response to this paradigm shift, the insurance industry is exploring new avenues of value creation as part of the digital health economy. Connected insurance has emerged as a strategy to leverage digitalization efforts for preventative and proactive health services. As insurance organizations strive towards implementing novel data-driven services, they are grappling with organizational and legislative challenges surrounding four necessary health data factors: access, control, sharing, and use. The research followed a qualitative methodological approach that was conducted in two phases as part of a single holistic case study of a transforming Finnish insurance organization. In the first phase, five empirical studies have been conducted which ascertain four case study boundaries: the health data environment in the Nordic countries, governance within the EU, insurance organizations as processors and controllers of health data, and customers as data subjects. In the second phase, a theory-driven narration of digital transformation in the insurance organization has been developed. The narration is a synthesis of data collected from interviews, ethnography, and a survey. The four health data factors — access, control, sharing, and use — were thematically analyzed and content-driven themes were empirically crafted to produce an inductive framework of health data mechanisms. The resulting framework of eleven health data mechanisms provides tactics for the design and development of proactive digital health services, stressing the importance of culture, interoperability, and transparency for service provision. How health data can be utilized as a resource for value creation requires key strategic decision-making practices by policymakers, organizations, and management and is informed by the conditions inherent in the boundaries of health data. Theoretical contributions indicate the capacity of health data as part of digital transformation. More holistic research is required to expand the mechanisms of health data which support fair, equal, and open value creation among stakeholders in the digital health economy.Tiivistelmä Digitaalisilla teknologioilla voidaan tuottaa ja kerätä terveysdataa, mikä vauhdittaa terveydenhuollon ekosysteemin murrosta ja muuttaa terveydenhuollon palveluiden kilpailuasetelmaa. Paradigman muutoksen ansiosta vakuutussektori etsii tapoja luoda lisäarvoa osana digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen markkinoita. Digitaalinen vakuutuspalvelu on uusi strategia, ja se hyödyntää digitalisaatiota ennaltaehkäisevissä ja ennakoivissa terveyspalveluissa. Ottaessaan käyttöön uusia dataan perustuvia palveluja vakuutusyhtiöt kohtaavat organisatorisia ja lainsäädännöllisiä haasteita. Nämä liittyvät neljään terveysdatan elementtiin: saavutettavuus, hallinta, jakaminen ja käyttö. Tutkimuksen metodologiseksi lähtökohdaksi valittiin kvalitatiivinen lähestymistapa ja se tehtiin kahdessa vaiheessa osana yhden tapauksen kokonaisvaltaista tapaustutkimusta, jossa tarkasteltiin muuttuvaa suomalaista vakuutusorganisaatiota. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa toteutettiin viisi empiiristä tutkimusta, joiden perusteella määritettiin neljä tapaustutkimuksessa tarkasteltavaa osa-aluetta: pohjoismainen terveysdataympäristö, EU-ohjaus, vakuutusorganisaatiot terveysdatan käsittelijöinä ja hallinnoijina ja asiakkaat rekisteröityinä henkilöinä. Toisessa vaiheessa kehitettiin teoriapohjainen kertomus digitaalisesta transformaatiosta vakuutusyhtiössä. Kertomus yhdistelee haastattelujen, etnografisten menetelmien ja kyselyiden avulla kerättyjä tutkimusaineistoja. Neljä terveysdatan elementtiä — saavutettavuus, hallinta, jakaminen ja käyttö — analysoitiin temaattisesti ja niistä laadittiin empiirisesti sisältölähtöiset teemat. Näin luotiin terveysdatan mekanismeja kuvaava induktiivinen malli. Syntynyt malli käsittää yksitoista terveysdatan mekanismia ja tarjoaa keinoja ennakoivien digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen suunnitteluun ja kehittämiseen painottaen kulttuuria, yhteensopivuutta ja läpinäkyvyyttä palvelujen tarjoamisessa. Terveysdatan hyödyntäminen lisäarvon tuottamiseksi vaatii strategisen päätöksenteon avainkäytäntöjä päättäjiltä, organisaatioilta ja johdolta. Siihen vaikuttavat myös terveysdatan osa-alueiden reunaehdot. Teoreettiset tulokset osoittavat terveysdatan potentiaalin osana digitaalista transformaatiota. Kokonaisvaltaista tutkimusta tarvitaan laajentamaan terveysdatan mekanismeja, jotka tukevat reilua, tasa-arvoista ja avointa tapaa luoda lisäarvoa eri osapuolille digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen markkinoilla

ISM: Irrelevant Soporific Measures - Giving Information Security Management back its groove using sociomateriality

Information security management is now a major concern for any organization regardless of its type, size, or activity field. Having an information security system that ensures theavailability, the confidentiality, and the integrity of information is not an option anymorebut a necessity. Information security management identifies difficulties with user behaviourand compliance that is centralized around policies, perceptions, and practices. In order to address how they affect information security management, these three issues are holistically explored using a sociomaterial framework to engage the understanding of human andnonhuman components. A case study of a university in Sweden was conducted and it was found that despite the sophistication of the IT system, human behaviours are a pertinent component of information security management, and not one that can be ignored

ISM: Irrelevant Soporific Measures - Giving Information Security Management back its groove using sociomateriality

Information security management is now a major concern for any organization regardless of its type, size, or activity field. Having an information security system that ensures theavailability, the confidentiality, and the integrity of information is not an option anymorebut a necessity. Information security management identifies difficulties with user behaviourand compliance that is centralized around policies, perceptions, and practices. In order to address how they affect information security management, these three issues are holistically explored using a sociomaterial framework to engage the understanding of human andnonhuman components. A case study of a university in Sweden was conducted and it was found that despite the sophistication of the IT system, human behaviours are a pertinent component of information security management, and not one that can be ignored

Грамматика маньчжурскаго языка [Грамматика маньчжурского языка]

The open data concept is based on the EU directive from 2003 with the goal to highlight the need for member states to increase and digitalize their public data and thus achieving transparency and stimulating economic growth based on new innovations. In Sweden, the development has fallen behind expectations and are currently the worst performing nordic country in open data development. In relation, research on open data is limited, especially when it come to barriers and challenges for adopting strategies to handle open data for local public organizations. This research is therefore aimed towards understanding and identifying barriers for adopting open data in local public organizations in Sweden. To answer this, we have conducted a case study based on the municipality of Örnsköldsviks. Our findings suggest that existing research on open data is somewhat lacking in the areas of ethical issues,  the private sector and the challenge of  moving towards openness; these are important aspects to consider when it comes to open data development. Furthermore, our results indicate that collaboration on both national and regional levels is advantageous and combined with PSI Directive improvements, is something that can bridge the gap between open data barriers and ambitions

A case for participatory practices in the digital transformation of insurance

Abstract Digital transformation, or digitalization, is a near-ubiquitous concept in the contemporary insurance business ecosystem, and describes the work towards change that is carried out in insurance organizations towards novel, digitally empowered practices, services, and management structures. Large-scale studies have identified key factors for successful digital transformation as, among others, customer experience, digital development, and changing business processes. This case study investigates a customer-owned Finnish insurance company that currently resides in the nascent stages of such a transformation. Through a set of 13 interviews with 10 service developers and managers, we set out to understand and evaluate their current digital development practices, based from the perspectives of participatory design, towards informing marketing research. Our findings indicate that while there exists a general understanding of the value of user involvement in the design process, participatory design practices see limited implementation, and there is an apparent disparity between the customer-centric organizational culture and the development practices that it should inform. We suggest work to be put towards the creation of models for evaluating digital transformation, and towards aligning the management of the digital transformation process with a participatory mindset